PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America						Silurian of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																0
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
				Chibanian																0.129
				Calabrian																0.774
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Serravallian																11.63
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
				Bartonian																37.71
				Lutetian																41.2
				Ypresian																47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian		100.5
																		Middle Albian		106.2 *
																		Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian														Late Aptian		113
				Aptian														Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																		Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian														Late Bajocian		168.2
				Bajocian														Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian														Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Late Toarcian		174.7
																		Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian														Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian														Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian														Sevatian		208.5
																		Alaunian		213.2 *
																		Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian														Tuvalian		227
				Carnian														Julian		233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	Zechstein	254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian				264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
			Roadian		Amb		266.9
			Roadian				270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli					Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian		Gamachian		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian			Pirgu	445.2
									Richmondian			Pirgu	446 *
									Richmondian			Vormsi	449.6 *
									Maysvillian			Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Maysvillian			Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
									Edenian			Nabala			450.4 *
									Edenian		Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
							Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			Rakvere			451.1 *
												Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian									Keila		Idavere †	453
									Turinian			Keila			453.7 *
												Haljala			453.9
												Kukruse			456.4 *
							Whiterockian					Kukruse	Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku				458.4
												Lasnamagi				458.9 *
												Aseri				460.4 *
											Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
												Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
												Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
Dapingian			467.3
			Rangerian	469.1 *
			Rangerian	Billingen					469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian				Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †			470
														Latorp †		470.1 *
				Hunneberg												473.7 *
							Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean									477.7
							Stairsian									480.3 *
				Varangu			Stairsian									481.3 *
				Varangu			Skullrockian					Demingian †				482 *
				Pakerort	482.2 *							Demingian †
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort										485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
														487.5
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
	Series 2	Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														1000
		Ectasian														1200
		Calymmian														1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian														1600
		Orosirian														1800
		Rhyacian														2050
		Siderian														2300
Archean	Neoarchean															2500
	Mesoarchean															2800
	Paleoarchean															3200
	Eoarchean															3600
Hadean																4000
																				4600