PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America					Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian			100.5
																Middle Albian			106.2 *
																Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian														Late Aptian			113
		Aptian														Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian			139.8
																Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian														Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian														Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian														Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Late Toarcian			174.7
																Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
																Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian														Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian														Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian														Sevatian			208.5
																Alaunian			213.2 *
																Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian														Tuvalian			227
		Carnian														Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														Longobardian			237
		Ladinian														Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian														Illyrian			242
																Pelsonian			243.8 *
																Bithynian			244.7 *
																Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian														Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan														Dienerian			251.2
																Griesbachian			251.4 *
																Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																Kathwai	251.902
																			252.4 *
																		Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian						Zechstein										Chhidru	254.14
																		Kalabagh	255 *
																		Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes											259.51
		Wordian																	264.28
																			265.3 *
																		Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian																Amb	266.9
		Roadian																	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
						Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
							440.7 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian		Gamachian		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian			Pirgu	445.2
						Richmondian			Pirgu	446 *
						Richmondian			Vormsi	449.6 *
						Maysvillian			Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Maysvillian			Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
						Edenian			Nabala			450.4 *
						Edenian		Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
				Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			Rakvere			451.1 *
									Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian							Keila		Idavere †	453
						Turinian			Keila			453.7 *
									Haljala			453.9
									Kukruse			456.4 *
				Whiterockian					Kukruse	Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku				458.4
									Lasnamagi				458.9 *
									Aseri				460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
									Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
						Rangerian								469.1 *
						Rangerian			Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian		Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
											Latorp †				470.1 *
									Hunneberg						473.7 *
						Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean									477.7
						Stairsian									480.3 *
						Stairsian			Varangu						481.3 *
						Skullrockian			Varangu					Demingian †	482 *
									Pakerort					Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort						485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
																			487.5