PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian										Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian										Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
															Monroecreekian			23.1 *
															Geringian			24.7 *
				Rupelian											Geringian			27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
														Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian												To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian												To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
				Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
				Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian						100.5
												Middle Albian						106.2 *
												Early Albian						109.9 *
				Aptian								Late Aptian						113
				Aptian								Early Aptian						119.5 *
				Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian								Late Berriasian						139.8
												Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
												Early Berriasian						142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
				Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian				305.9
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian	451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian	453
								Turinian	453.7 *
					Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian								467.3
			Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian					Tulean				Ungurian	477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian				Batyrbaian	485.4
			Stage 10										487.5
			Jiangshanian										489.5
												Aksaian	490.7 *
												Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian									Sakian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian										499.5
			Drumian									Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian									Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan									Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan										505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4										509
												Toyonian	510 *
												Botomian	512.5 *
Stage 3			514									Botomian
Stage 3			Atdabanian	515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian	521
		Stage 2		525.5
		Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											1000
		Ectasian											1200
		Calymmian											1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian				1600
		Orosirian				1800
		Rhyacian				2050
		Siderian				2300
Archean	Neoarchean					2500
	Mesoarchean					2800
	Paleoarchean					3200
	Eoarchean					3600
Hadean						4000
																		4600