PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean											Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
														Monroecreekian			23.1 *
														Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian												Geringian			27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian							100.5
										Middle Albian							106.2 *
										Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian							113
		Aptian								Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian							139.8
										Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
										Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
				Mohawkian			Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian	453
							Turinian	453.7 *
				Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				Ungurian	477.7
							Stairsian					480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian				Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
											Aksaian	490.7 *
											Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian									Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian									Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian									Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan									Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
											Toyonian	510 *
											Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	514								Botomian
		Stage 3	Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian								521
																	525.5