PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Lujanian		Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean						Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
						Irvingtonian							0.21
										Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
						Blancan							1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian						MN 17		Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †					MN 16		Vorohuean		Late Pliocene	2.58
								MN 16		Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
								MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
										Montehermosan			3.7 *
								MN 14					4.2
						Hemphillian		MN 14					4.7
								MN 13		Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						MN 13				Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12					7.246
								MN 11					7.75
								MN 11		Chasicoan			7.9 *
								MN 10					8.7
						Clarendonian		MN 10					9.4
								MN 9					9.7
										Mayoan			9.9 *
										Laventan			10.9 *
								MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	11.63
						Barstovian							12.5
								MN 6					12.8 *
								MN 6		Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian						MN 5		Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian						MN 5		Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian						MN 4		Friasian		Early Miocene	15.98
										Santacrucian			16.2 *
						Hemingfordian							16.3
								MN 3					16.9
										Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
						Arikareean							18.5
								MN 2					20
		Aquitanian											20.44
										Deseadan			20.9 *
								MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene	27.82
										Tinguirirican			28.9 *
						Whitneyan							29.5
						Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian						Late Eocene	33.9
						Chadronian				Divisaderan			35.9 *
						Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean						Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
										Mustersan			41.9 *
						Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene	47.8
										Casamayoran			47.9 *
						Wasatchian							50.5
						Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
				Riochican		Tiffanian	56.2
				Itaboraian			56.9 *
				Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene		61.6
				Tiupampan			62.4 *
				Tiupampan		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					489.5
			Aksaian				490.7 *
			Sakian				492.2 *
						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian	Marjumian	Albertian †	Middle Cambrian			497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian	Stage 5 †				Topazan	504.5
									Topazan	505.3
									Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Waucoban †	Early Cambrian			509
				Toyonian						510 *
				Toyonian					Dyeran	511 *
				Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3								514
									Montezuman	514.8 *
				Atdabanian					Montezuman	515.6 *
				Atdabanian					Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian						521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
													538.8