PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	European Faunal Zones	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean			Cenozoic 6					0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean								0.129
						Irvingtonian								0.21
												Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian												0.774
						Blancan								1.4
												Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian									MN 17	Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †								MN 16	Vorohuean		2.58
											MN 16	Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
											MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean												3.6
												Montehermosan		3.7 *
											MN 14			4.2
						Hemphillian					MN 14			4.7
											MN 13	Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian									MN 12			7.246
											MN 11			7.75
											MN 11	Chasicoan		7.9 *
											MN 10			8.7
						Clarendonian					MN 10			9.4
											MN 9			9.7
												Mayoan		9.9 *
												Laventan		10.9 *
											MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5					11.63
						Barstovian								12.5
											MN 6			12.8 *
											MN 6	Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian									MN 5	Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian									MN 5	Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian									MN 4	Friasian		15.98
												Santacrucian		16.2 *
						Hemingfordian								16.3
											MN 3			16.9
												Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
						Arikareean								18.5
											MN 2			20
		Aquitanian												20.44
												Deseadan		20.9 *
											MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4					23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
												Tinguirirican		28.9 *
						Whitneyan								29.5
						Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian			Cenozoic 3					33.9
						Chadronian						Divisaderan		35.9 *
						Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2					41.2
												Mustersan		41.9 *
						Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
												Casamayoran		47.9 *
						Wasatchian								50.5
						Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1	Riochican	Clarkforkian	56
					Riochican	Tiffanian	56.2
					Itaboraian		56.9 *
					Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian					59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					61.6
					Tiupampan		62.4 *
					Tiupampan	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian	Cretaceous 4		100.5
					Middle Albian			106.2 *
					Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian	Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian			Early Aptian	Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian			139.8
					Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
					Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian				174.7
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian			Sevatian				208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian			Triassic 3	227
		Carnian			Julian			Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian			Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian				242
					Pelsonian				243.8 *
					Bithynian				244.7 *
					Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian			Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian				251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian						Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian								Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian						Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5		Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian								Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian						Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	Late Famennian			358.9
				Middle Famennian			365.3 *
				Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4	Late Frasnian			372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Late Givetian			382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2	Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			410.8
				Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †			Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †				497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4	Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †			Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †	Delamaran			509
		Stage 4							Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3					Cambrian 2		Dyeran			514
									Montezuman			514.8 *
									Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1		529
														538.8