PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian		Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
											Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene		0.774
														Blancan	1.4
											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian							MN 17		Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †						MN 16		Vorohuean		Late Pliocene		2.58
									MN 16		Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
									MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene		3.6
											Montehermosan				3.7 *
									MN 14						4.2
									MN 14					Hemphillian	4.7
									MN 13		Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							MN 13				Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12						7.246
									MN 11						7.75
									MN 11		Chasicoan				7.9 *
									MN 10						8.7
									MN 10					Clarendonian	9.4
									MN 9						9.7
											Mayoan				9.9 *
											Laventan				10.9 *
									MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene		11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
									MN 6						12.8 *
									MN 6		Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian							MN 5		Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian							MN 5		Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian							MN 4		Friasian		Early Miocene		15.98
											Santacrucian				16.2 *
														Hemingfordian	16.3
									MN 3						16.9
											Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
														Arikareean	18.5
									MN 2						20
		Aquitanian													20.44
											Deseadan				20.9 *
									MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan							Early Oligocene		27.82
											Tinguirirican				28.9 *
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
											Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
											Mustersan				41.9 *
														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian						Early Eocene		47.8
											Casamayoran				47.9 *
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan		Riochican	Late Paleocene	56						Clarkforkian
						Riochican		Tiffanian		56.2
						Itaboraian				56.9 *
						Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene			61.6
						Tiupampan				62.4 *
						Tiupampan		Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian							Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					489.5
			Aksaian				490.7 *
			Sakian				492.2 *
						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian	Marjumian	Albertian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian	Stage 5 †			Topazan		504.5
								Topazan		505.3
								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Waucoban †	Early Cambrian			509
				Toyonian						510 *
				Toyonian				Dyeran		511 *
				Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3								514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
				Atdabanian				Montezuman		515.6 *
				Atdabanian				Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian						521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
															538.8