PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Units	South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian of England		Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian						Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian											Sheridanian				0.129
													Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
							Ensenadan										0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
													Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †			Villanyian	Vorohuean										2.58
						Villanyian	Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
						Ruscinian											3.1 *
		Zanclean															3.6
							Montehermosan										3.7 *
							Montehermosan						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
							Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Turolian											5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
							Chasicoan										7.9 *
						Vallesian											8.7
													Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
							Mayoan										9.9 *
							Laventan										10.9 *
		Serravallian				Astaracian										Cenozoic 5	11.63
													late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
							Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran										13.82
		Langhian					Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Orleanian	Friasian										15.98
							Santacrucian										16.2 *
							Santacrucian						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
							Colhuehuapian						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				17.4 *
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
						Agenian											20
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Cenozoic 4	23.03
														Monroecreekian			23.1 *
														Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian															27.82
							Tinguirirican										28.9 *
																	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Cenozoic 3	33.9
							Divisaderan						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				35.9 *
																	37
		Bartonian															37.71
		Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian														Cenozoic 2	41.2
							Mustersan										41.9 *
													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
							Casamayoran										47.9 *
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Cenozoic 1	56
							Riochican								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
							Itaboraian										56.9 *
							Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Selandian													To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian															61.6
							Tiupampan										62.4 *
				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8		Tiupampan
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian		Cretaceous 4	100.5
							Middle Albian			106.2 *
							Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian					Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian		139.8
							Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
							Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian			174.7
							Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
							Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian					Sevatian			208.5
							Alaunian			213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	Triassic 3		227
		Carnian				Julian	Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian			242
						Pelsonian			243.8 *
						Bithynian			244.7 *
						Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian			251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian					Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1			293.52
		Asselian					Permian 1			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5			Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
										Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	303.7									Stephanian A
			Cantabrian	305 *
					305.9
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
			Westphalian				Westphalian D			307.4 *
							Westphalian C			309.8
							Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B			315.2
							Westphalian A			317 *
			Namurian				Yeadonian			318.8 *
							Marsdenian			320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
							Alportian			322 *
							Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		Chokierian			323.2
							Arnsbergian			324 *
							Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian		Brigantian †		Carboniferous 2			330.9
			Livian		Asbian †					336.3 *
			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian					340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				Carboniferous 1			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian				Carboniferous 1			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas			427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian									Ordovician 4		453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Ordovician 3				458.4
										Dobrotivian					458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †	Ordovician 2	467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian				Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian									Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †			Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3												Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												Cambrian 1	529
																	538.8