PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous of North America	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian														MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †													MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian														MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean														MN 15	3.6
																MN 14	4.2
															Hemphillian	MN 14	4.7
																MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian														MN 12	7.246
																MN 11	7.75
																MN 10	8.7
															Clarendonian	MN 10	9.4
																MN 9	9.7
																MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian															11.63
															Barstovian		12.5
																MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian														MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian														MN 4	15.98
															Hemingfordian	MN 4	16.3
															Hemingfordian	MN 3	16.9
															Arikareean	MN 3	18.5
																MN 2	20
		Aquitanian														MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian														MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
															Whitneyan		29.5
															Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian		47.8
															Wasatchian		50.5
															Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian													Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian										100.5
							Middle Albian										106.2 *
							Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian										113
		Aptian		Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian					Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian	315.2				Atokan
		Bashkirian	Morrowan				318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian				323.2
		Visean	Chesterian				330.9
			Meramecian				335.8 *
			Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean				346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
					Alexandrian					438.7 *
							Medinan		Clinton	440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian		489.5
										Aksaian		490.7 *
										Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian								Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian									Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian									Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †					Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4										Early Cambrian	509
											Toyonian		510 *
											Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3									Botomian		514
		Stage 3									Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian							521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
																	538.8