PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Silurian of North America	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian								Lujanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean											0.129
								Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
																	Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian																	0.774
								Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
																	Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian															Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †				Villanyian										Vorohuean		2.58
							Villanyian										Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
							Ruscinian												3.1 *
		Zanclean																	3.6
																	Montehermosan		3.7 *
								Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Montehermosan		4.7
																	Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian												5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
																	Chasicoan		7.9 *
							Vallesian												8.7
								Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
																	Mayoan		9.9 *
																	Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian					Astaracian												11.63
								Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
																	Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian															Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian															Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Orleanian										Friasian		15.98
																	Santacrucian		16.2 *
								Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Santacrucian		16.3
								Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
								Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
							Agenian												20
		Aquitanian																	20.44
		Aquitanian															Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
										Monroecreekian									23.1 *
										Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian																	27.82
																	Tinguirirican		28.9 *
								Whitneyan											29.5
								Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										33.9
								Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Divisaderan		35.9 *
								Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
																	Mustersan		41.9 *
								Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
																	Casamayoran		47.9 *
								Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
								Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Riochican		56
								Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Riochican		56.2
																	Itaboraian		56.9 *
																	Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian																	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian	To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian				61.6
						Tiupampan		62.4 *
				Puercan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian									Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian									Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan			419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian		438.7 *
							Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian			Harju	Porkuni			443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †			Pirgu		445.2
			Kralodvorian							Vormsi		449.6 *
			Berounian							Vormsi		449.7 *
										Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
						Viru				Rakvere			450.6 *
										Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian								Keila		Idavere †	453
										Haljala			453.9
										Haljala			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Kukruse					456.4 *
										Uhaku		Aluoja †			457.5 *
							Liben †								458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
			Dobrotivian												458.5 *
			Dobrotivian							Lasnamagi					458.9 *
			Oretanian							Lasnamagi					459.7 *
										Aseri					460.4 *
							Sarka †			Aseri					461.7 *
						Oeland				Kunda					462.9 *
										Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
										Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †									467.3
			Arenigian													468
										Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
												Latorp †				470.1 *
										Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian							Hunneberg						477.7
										Varangu						481.3 *
										Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort		485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †				504.5
																			509