PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of the Pamirs	Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian				Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
													Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
									Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
													Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
									Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †						Vorohuean								2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan								3.6
									Montehermosan								3.7 *
									Montehermosan				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
									Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
									Chasicoan								7.9 *
									Chasicoan				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
									Mayoan								9.9 *
									Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian															11.63
													late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
									Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian							Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian								15.98
									Santacrucian								16.2 *
									Santacrucian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
									Colhuehuapian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
														Monroecreekian			23.1 *
														Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian									Kekeamuan						27.82
									Tinguirirican								28.9 *
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
									Divisaderan				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	35.9 *
																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
									Mustersan								41.9 *
													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian										Bumbanian					47.8
									Casamayoran								47.9 *
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican		Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
									Riochican						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
									Itaboraian								56.9 *
									Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Selandian													To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															61.6
									Tiupampan								62.4 *
				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8			Tiupampan
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian				100.5
				Middle Albian				106.2 *
				Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian				113
		Aptian		Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian				139.8
				Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
				Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian					227
		Carnian		Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †						Dzhulfian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Midian				259.51
		Wordian								Midian				264.28
		Wordian								Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian								Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian								Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian								Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian								Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian								Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian								Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian									Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
																	538.8