PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ammonite Chrons of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Lujanian		Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean										0.129
									Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
														Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian																	0.774
									Blancan							Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †											Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian												Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean												Chapadmalalan					3.6
														Montehermosan					3.7 *
									Hemphillian					Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
														Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
														Chasicoan					7.9 *
									Clarendonian					Chasicoan		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
														Mayoan					9.9 *
														Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian																	11.63
									Barstovian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
														Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian												Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian												Friasian					15.98
														Santacrucian					16.2 *
									Hemingfordian					Santacrucian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
									Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			17.4 *
									Arikareean							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
																	Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																	Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian																	27.82
														Tinguirirican					28.9 *
									Whitneyan										29.5
									Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
									Chadronian					Divisaderan		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			35.9 *
									Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
														Mustersan					41.9 *
									Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
														Casamayoran					47.9 *
									Wasatchian							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
									Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian					Riochican				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
									Tiffanian					Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
														Itaboraian					56.9 *
														Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian																	59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian																	61.6
														Tiupampan					62.4 *
				Puercan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8								Tiupampan
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
								Planulata	179.3 *
								Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
								Kanense		181.3 *
								Carlottense		182.3 *
								Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian						Kunae		184.2
								Freboldi		185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian									192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian										Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian										Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian											315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian											323.2
		Visean											330.9
		Tournaisian											346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian											358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian											372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian											382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian											387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian											393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †				504.5
																			509