PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian		Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
											Irvingtonian	0.21
								Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene		0.774
											Blancan	1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †					Vorohuean		Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan		Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan		Early Pliocene		3.6
								Montehermosan				3.7 *
								Montehermosan			Hemphillian	4.7
								Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
								Chasicoan				7.9 *
								Chasicoan			Clarendonian	9.4
								Mayoan				9.9 *
								Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene		11.63
											Barstovian	12.5
								Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian		Early Miocene		15.98
								Santacrucian				16.2 *
								Santacrucian			Hemingfordian	16.3
								Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene		27.82
								Tinguirirican				28.9 *
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
								Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
								Mustersan				41.9 *
											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene		47.8
								Casamayoran				47.9 *
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican		Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
								Riochican			Tiffanian	56.2
								Itaboraian				56.9 *
								Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene		61.6
								Tiupampan				62.4 *
								Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			100.5
		Aptian			113
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			Late Cambrian	485.4
			Payntonian					486.8 *
			Payntonian					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian	Iverian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian	Iverian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian	Idamean					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	Mindyallan			Marjumian	Albertian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian						499
		Drumian		Undillan						500.5
		Drumian		Floran						503
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	Templetonian		Topazan			504.5
					Templetonian		Delamaran			506.5
					Ordian					507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian			Waucoban †	Early Cambrian	509
										510.8 *
							Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran			514
							Montezuman			514.8 *
							Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8