PBDB Timescale

Obsolete Names for ICS Units

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 55 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 92 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean												0.129
							Irvingtonian												0.21
								Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian																	0.774
							Blancan												1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †					Vorohuean											2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan											3.6
								Montehermosan											3.7 *
							Hemphillian	Montehermosan											4.7
								Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
								Chasicoan											7.9 *
							Clarendonian	Chasicoan											9.4
								Mayoan											9.9 *
								Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5													11.63
							Barstovian												12.5
								Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian						Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian											15.98
								Santacrucian											16.2 *
							Hemingfordian	Santacrucian											16.3
							Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
							Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4													23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
								Tinguirirican											28.9 *
							Whitneyan												29.5
							Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3	Chadronian												33.9
							Chadronian	Divisaderan											35.9 *
							Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean												37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2													41.2
								Mustersan											41.9 *
							Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
								Casamayoran											47.9 *
							Wasatchian												50.5
							Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	Riochican											56
							Tiffanian	Riochican											56.2
								Itaboraian											56.9 *
								Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian																	59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian																	61.6
								Tiupampan											62.4 *
							Puercan	Tiupampan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8													66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
		Katian							Gamachian		445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Chatfieldian			453
									Turinian			453.7 *
								Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Tulean					477.7
									Stairsian					480.3 *
									Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Skullrockian					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
															Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	487.5
															Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian													Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †											Cambrian 4	St Davids		497
		Guzhangian															Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian																500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †									Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Cambrian 3	Branchian		Caerfai	509
		Stage 3												Cambrian 2	Branchian			514
		Stage 3													Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												Cambrian 1				529
																			538.8