PBDB Timescale

South American Land Mammal Ages

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1176 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian					0.0042
		Greenlandian					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
						Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene		0.774
						Blancan	1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean		Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan		Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan		Early Pliocene		3.6
			Montehermosan				3.7 *
			Montehermosan			Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian					7.246
			Chasicoan				7.9 *
			Chasicoan			Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan				9.9 *
			Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene		11.63
						Barstovian	12.5
			Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian	Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian		Early Miocene		15.98
			Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Santacrucian			Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
						Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian					20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene		27.82
			Tinguirirican				28.9 *
						Whitneyan	29.5
						Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
			Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					41.2
			Mustersan				41.9 *
						Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene		47.8
			Casamayoran				47.9 *
						Wasatchian	50.5
						Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican			Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian				56.9 *
			Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene		61.6
			Tiupampan				62.4 *
			Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
							66