PBDB Timescale

South American Land Mammal Ages

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1176 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6		0
		Northgrippian					0.0042
		Greenlandian					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan			Middle Pleistocene	0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan			Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean			Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan			Late Pliocene	2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan			Early Pliocene	3.6
			Montehermosan				3.7 *
			Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian					7.246
			Chasicoan				7.9 *
			Mayoan				9.9 *
			Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan		Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian	Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian			Early Miocene	15.98
			Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican			Early Oligocene	28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican		Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan			Late Eocene	35.9 *
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2		41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan			Early Eocene	47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran			Early Eocene	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene	56
			Itaboraian				56.9 *
			Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan			Early Paleocene	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian			Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian			Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4		100.5
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3		113
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian			Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian			Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Jurassic 3		174.7
		Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian			Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian			Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
							538.8