PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Nihewanian			Tarantian	Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian							Ionian					0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
											Ensenadan				0.3 *
														Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
														Nukumaruan	1.63
											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian													1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †	Yushean				Vorohuean				2.58
											Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
														Waipipian	3
		Zanclean												Waipipian	3.6
											Montehermosan			Opoitian	3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Montehermosan				4.7
							Baodean				Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
											Chasicoan				7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Chasicoan				9.4
											Mayoan				9.9 *
											Laventan				10.9 *
													Southland	Waiauan	11.04
							Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian													11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
														Lillburnian	13.05
											Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian					Shanwangian								13.82
														Clifdenian	15.1
											Friasian			Clifdenian	15.4 *
													Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
											Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
							Xiejiaan								16.9
											Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
														Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian													20.44
											Deseadan				20.9 *
													Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25						23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
														Duntroonian	25.2
														Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian						MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21							27.82
											Tinguirirican				28.9 *
															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A							33.9
													Arnold	Runangan	34.6
											Divisaderan			Runangan	35.9 *
														Kaiatan	36.7
															37
		Bartonian						MP 16							37.71
														Bortonian	39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
								Mustersan			41.9 *
											Dannevirke		Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7									47.8
								Casamayoran						47.9 *
													Mangaorapan	48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5			Mangaorapan
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Waipawan			52
										Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			MP 6			MP 1 - 5	Riochican	Teurian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
									Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
									Itaboraian					56.9 *
						Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian							59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian										61.6
						Tiupampan						62.4 *
						Tiupampan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian										Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
												Mangaotanean	90.5
												Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan	93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
												Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan	100.5
												Urutawan	103.3
											Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian										Korangan	113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
															145