PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Tarantian		Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian						Ionian		Middle Pleistocene			0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
													Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene			0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
													Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian								MN 17			Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian								MN 17			Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †				MN 16	Late Pliocene		Mangapanian	2.58
										MN 16			Waipipian	3
										MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene			3.6
													Opoitian	3.7
										MN 14				4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							MN 14				4.7
										MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian								MN 12				7.246
										MN 11				7.75
										MN 10				8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							MN 10				9.4
										MN 9				9.7
										MN 9		Southland	Waiauan	11.04
										MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
										MN 6				12.8 *
										MN 6			Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian								MN 5			Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian								MN 4	Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							MN 4				16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							MN 3				16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
													Otaian	18.7
										MN 2				20
		Aquitanian												20.44
												Landon	Waitakian	21.7
										MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene			23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Late Eocene			33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
														37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene			37.71
													Bortonian	39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene			47.8
					Mangaorapan		48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Mangaorapan		50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Waipawan		52
					Waipawan		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Teurian			56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene		Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene		To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene		To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene		Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian							Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
									Mangaotanean		90.5
									Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan		93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
									Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan		100.5
									Urutawan		103.3
								Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian							Korangan		113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
														509