PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian								0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian								0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
										Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian									0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
										Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †				Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian	3
		Zanclean								Waipipian	3.6
										Opoitian	3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
									Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian									11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
										Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian	13.82
										Clifdenian	15.1
									Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian									15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
										Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
										Duntroonian	25.2
										Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
		Rupelian									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
									Arnold	Runangan	34.6
										Kaiatan	36.7
											37
		Bartonian									37.71
										Bortonian	39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
										Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian									47.8
										Mangaorapan	48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Mangaorapan	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Waipawan	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Teurian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian					72.1			Haumurian
		Santonian					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
							Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian						Korangan	113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
											509