PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Lujanian		Tarantian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Tarantian						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Ionian						Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan											Irvingtonian	0.21
						Ensenadan									0.3 *
												Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian											Blancan	1.4
												Nukumaruan			1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian													1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean							Villanyian		2.58
						Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
												Waipipian			3
													Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean													3.6
						Montehermosan						Opoitian			3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan								Hemphillian	4.7
						Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian		5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
						Chasicoan									7.9 *
													Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											Clarendonian	9.4
						Mayoan									9.9 *
						Laventan									10.9 *
											Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian											Astaracian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											Barstovian	12.5
												Lillburnian			13.05
						Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian													13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
						Friasian						Clifdenian			15.4 *
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian											Orleanian		15.98
						Santacrucian									16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian								Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian								Hemingfordian	17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										Arikareean	18.5
												Otaian			18.7
													Agenian		20
		Aquitanian													20.44
						Deseadan									20.9 *
											Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan						27.82
						Tinguirirican									28.9 *
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Chadronian	33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
						Divisaderan						Runangan			35.9 *
												Kaiatan			36.7
					Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
												Bortonian		39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan		Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
						Mustersan								41.9 *
											Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
												Heretaungan		45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian		Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian				47.8
						Casamayoran		47.9 *
								Mangaorapan				48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Wasatchian			Mangaorapan				50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Wasatchian			Waipawan				52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Waipawan				Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican		Gashatan		Teurian		Clarkforkian		56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican						Tiffanian		56.2
						Itaboraian	56.9 *
						Peligran	58.9 *
		Selandian						59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian										61.6
						Tiupampan						62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata		Haumurian		66
		Campanian								Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara		Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
										Mangaotanean		90.5
										Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian								Arowhanan		93.9
								Clarence		Ngaterian		95.2
										Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Motuan		100.5
										Urutawan		103.3
								Taitai		Korangan		108.4
		Aptian								Korangan		113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
															145