PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian										0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
						Ensenadan							0.3 *
											Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
											Nukumaruan		1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian										MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian	MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean						MN 16	2.58
						Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
											Waipipian		3
												MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean											3.6
						Montehermosan					Opoitian		3.7 *
												MN 14	4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									MN 14	4.7
						Huayquerian						MN 13	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian										MN 12	7.246
												MN 11	7.75
						Chasicoan						MN 11	7.9 *
												MN 10	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									MN 10	9.4
												MN 9	9.7
						Mayoan							9.9 *
						Laventan							10.9 *
										Southland	Waiauan		11.04
												MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian											11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
												MN 6	12.8 *
											Lillburnian		13.05
						Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian										MN 5	13.82
											Clifdenian		15.1
						Friasian					Clifdenian		15.4 *
										Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian										MN 4	15.98
						Santacrucian							16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
												MN 3	16.9
						Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
											Otaian		18.7
												MN 2	20
		Aquitanian											20.44
						Deseadan							20.9 *
										Landon	Waitakian		21.7
												MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25				23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
											Duntroonian		25.2
											Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian						MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21					27.82
						Tinguirirican							28.9 *
													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
									Arnold	Runangan	34.6
						Divisaderan				Runangan	35.9 *
										Kaiatan	36.7
											37
		Bartonian			MP 16						37.71
										Bortonian	39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11						41.2
						Mustersan					41.9 *
									Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
										Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7						47.8
						Casamayoran					47.9 *
							Mangaorapan			48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Mangaorapan			50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Waipawan			52
							Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Teurian		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
					Riochican					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
					Itaboraian						56.9 *
					Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian									59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian									61.6
					Tiupampan						62.4 *
					Tiupampan					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
													66