PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	European Faunal Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Lujanian				Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean						0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian						0.21
							Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian										0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan						1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian		MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean		MN 16	Villanyian	Yushean	2.58
							Chapadmalalan			Villanyian		2.9 *
										Ruscinian		3.1 *
									MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean										3.6
							Montehermosan					3.7 *
									MN 14			4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian			MN 14			4.7
							Huayquerian		MN 13		Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							MN 13	Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12			7.246
									MN 11			7.75
							Chasicoan		MN 11			7.9 *
									MN 10	Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian			MN 10			9.4
									MN 9			9.7
							Mayoan					9.9 *
							Laventan					10.9 *
									MN 7 + 8		Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian								Astaracian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian						12.5
									MN 6			12.8 *
							Colloncuran		MN 6			13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran		MN 5		Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian					Friasian		MN 5			15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian		MN 4	Orleanian		15.98
							Santacrucian					16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian						16.3
									MN 3		Xiejiaan	16.9
							Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean						18.5
									MN 2	Agenian		20
		Aquitanian										20.44
							Deseadan					20.9 *
									MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian										27.82
							Tinguirirican					28.9 *
						Whitneyan						29.5
						Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian						33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	Divisaderan					35.9 *
						Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
							Mustersan					41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian										47.8
					Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian					56
					Riochican	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian					56.2
					Itaboraian							56.9 *
					Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian										61.6
					Tiupampan							62.4 *
					Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan					63.8
												66