PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	European Faunal Units	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Nihewanian				Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean					Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean					Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian					Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean	Villanyian				2.58
		Piacenzian						Ruscinian				3.1 *
		Zanclean										3.6
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian						4.7
							Baodean					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Turolian				5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian				7.246
								Vallesian				8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian						9.4
							Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian						Astaracian				11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian					Shanwangian					13.82
		Burdigalian						Orleanian				15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian						16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan					16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean						18.5
								Agenian				20
		Aquitanian						Agenian				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian					MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			27.82
						Whitneyan						29.5
						Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean			MP 16			37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan			MP 16			39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian						50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian			MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian			MP 6			56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan						63.8
												66