PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean		Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene				0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene				0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian					0.21
									Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene				0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan					1.4
									Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene		Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
									Waipipian	Villanyian	3
										Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene				3.6
									Opoitian		3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian			Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
										Vallesian	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian					9.4
								Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene			Astaracian	11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian					12.5
									Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian		13.82
									Clifdenian		15.1
								Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene			Orleanian	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian					16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean					18.5
									Otaian		18.7
										Agenian	20
		Aquitanian									20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene				23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
									Duntroonian		25.2
									Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene				27.82
						Whitneyan					29.5
						Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	Late Eocene				33.9
								Arnold	Runangan		34.6
									Kaiatan		36.7
						Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene				37.71
									Bortonian		39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
									Heretaungan		45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene				47.8
									Mangaorapan		48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian			Mangaorapan		50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian			Waipawan		52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian			Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene		Teurian		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	Early Paleocene				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian							Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
									Mangaotanean		90.5
									Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan		93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
									Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan		100.5
									Urutawan		103.3
								Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian							Korangan		113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
											145