PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Zones	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Lujanian		Tarantian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Tarantian		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Ionian		Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
								Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian			MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean			MN 16		2.58
								Chapadmalalan			MN 16		2.9 *
											MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean											3.6
								Montehermosan					3.7 *
											MN 14		4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								MN 14	Hemphillian	4.7
								Huayquerian			MN 13		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									MN 13		5.333
		Tortonian									MN 12		7.246
											MN 11		7.75
								Chasicoan			MN 11		7.9 *
											MN 10		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								MN 10	Clarendonian	9.4
											MN 9		9.7
								Mayoan					9.9 *
								Laventan					10.9 *
											MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian											11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
											MN 6		12.8 *
								Colloncuran			MN 6		13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran			MN 5		13.82
		Langhian						Friasian			MN 5		15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian			MN 4		15.98
								Santacrucian					16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian	16.3
											MN 3		16.9
								Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
											MN 2		20
		Aquitanian											20.44
								Deseadan					20.9 *
											MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan							27.82
								Tinguirirican					28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Chadronian	33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Divisaderan				Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
								Mustersan					41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian						47.8
								Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Wasatchian							50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Riochican				Clarkforkian	56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Riochican				Tiffanian	56.2
								Itaboraian					56.9 *
								Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											61.6
								Tiupampan		62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Tiupampan		Puercan		63.8
													66