PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										Irvingtonian	0.21
											Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										Blancan	1.4
											Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian	Villanyian		2.58
											Waipipian	Villanyian		3
												Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
											Opoitian			3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Opoitian		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian		5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
												Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										Clarendonian	9.4
										Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian										Astaracian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										Barstovian	12.5
											Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian			13.82
											Clifdenian			15.1
										Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian										Orleanian		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									Arikareean	18.5
											Otaian			18.7
												Agenian		20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25					23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
											Duntroonian			25.2
											Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21						27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A					Chadronian	33.9
										Arnold	Runangan			34.6
											Kaiatan			36.7
													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		MP 16						37.71
											Bortonian			39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11						41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
											Heretaungan			45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7						47.8
											Mangaorapan			48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Teurian		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		MP 6					Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian									Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
											Mangaotanean			90.5
											Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan			93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
											Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan			100.5
											Urutawan			103.3
										Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian									Korangan			113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
														145