PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene			0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene	Yushean		2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene			3.6
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
									Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
									Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene		Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian							Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Xiejiaan		16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene		Cenozoic 4	23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene		Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene			37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene			37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene			47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene		Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian								Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian								Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian								Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian								Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian								Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian								Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian								Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian								Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian								Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian								Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian								Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian								Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian								Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian								Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian								Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian								Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian								Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian								Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean							Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian							Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
											538.8