PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene				0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
										Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene				0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene		Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian						Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan		3.6
										Montehermosan		3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Montehermosan		4.7
										Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian			7.246
										Chasicoan		7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Chasicoan		9.4
										Mayoan		9.9 *
										Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene	Sarmatian			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Sarmatian			12.5
									Badenian			12.8 *
									Badenian	Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian								Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene		Friasian		15.98
										Santacrucian		16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Santacrucian		16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene				23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene				27.82
										Tinguirirican		28.9 *
												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene				33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Divisaderan		35.9 *
												37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
										Mustersan		41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian	Early Eocene				47.8
										Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene		Riochican		56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Riochican		56.2
										Itaboraian		56.9 *
										Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene				61.6
										Tiupampan		62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					Tiupampan		63.8
												66