PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan								Irvingtonian	0.21
									Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene					0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian								Blancan	1.4
									Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean	Late Pliocene		Mangapanian	Villanyian		2.58
									Waipipian	Villanyian		3
										Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					3.6
									Opoitian			3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Hemphillian	4.7
						Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian		5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
										Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Clarendonian	9.4
								Southland	Waiauan			11.04
						Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene			Astaracian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Barstovian	12.5
									Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian				Shanwangian			Lillburnian			13.82
									Clifdenian			15.1
								Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene			Orleanian		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan					Hemingfordian	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							Arikareean	18.5
									Otaian			18.7
										Agenian		20
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene					23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
									Duntroonian			25.2
									Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene					27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene				Chadronian	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan			34.6
									Kaiatan			36.7
											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene					37.71
									Bortonian			39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
									Heretaungan			45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene					47.8
									Mangaorapan			48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Waipawan				52		Wasatchian
					Waipawan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Teurian		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian							Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
									Mangaotanean			90.5
									Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan			93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
									Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan			100.5
									Urutawan			103.3
								Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian							Korangan			113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
												145