PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Nihewanian	Tarantian	Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian				Ionian					0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
								Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian										0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian		MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean		Vorohuean		MN 16	Villanyian	2.58
								Chapadmalalan			Villanyian	2.9 *
											Ruscinian	3.1 *
										MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean										3.6
								Montehermosan				3.7 *
										MN 14		4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							MN 14		4.7
						Baodean		Huayquerian		MN 13		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								MN 13	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12		7.246
										MN 11		7.75
								Chasicoan		MN 11		7.9 *
										MN 10	Vallesian	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							MN 10		9.4
										MN 9		9.7
								Mayoan				9.9 *
								Laventan				10.9 *
						Tunggurian				MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian									Astaracian	11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
										MN 6		12.8 *
								Colloncuran		MN 6		13.7 *
		Langhian				Shanwangian		Colloncuran		MN 5		13.82
		Langhian						Friasian		MN 5		15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian		MN 4	Orleanian	15.98
								Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
						Xiejiaan				MN 3		16.9
								Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
										MN 2	Agenian	20
		Aquitanian										20.44
								Deseadan				20.9 *
										MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian										27.82
								Tinguirirican				28.9 *
												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Divisaderan				35.9 *
												37
		Bartonian										37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
								Mustersan				41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian										47.8
								Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Riochican				56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Riochican				56.2
								Itaboraian				56.9 *
								Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1							60.9
		Danian										61.6
							Tiupampan	62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Tiupampan	63.8
												66