PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Mammal Paleogene Zones		South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Nihewanian			Lujanian			Tarantian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Tarantian	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Ionian	Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										Irvingtonian	0.21
									Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian												0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										Blancan	1.4
									Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean			Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan					3.6
									Montehermosan					3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Montehermosan				Hemphillian	4.7
						Baodean			Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian									Pannonian			7.246
									Chasicoan					7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Chasicoan				Clarendonian	9.4
									Mayoan					9.9 *
									Laventan					10.9 *
						Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian									Sarmatian			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Sarmatian		Barstovian	12.5
											Badenian			12.8 *
									Colloncuran		Badenian			13.7 *
		Langhian				Shanwangian			Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian							Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian					15.98
									Santacrucian					16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										Hemingfordian	16.3
						Xiejiaan								16.9
									Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25						23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian					MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21							27.82
									Tinguirirican					28.9 *
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A						Chadronian	33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Divisaderan				Chadronian	35.9 *
													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					MP 16						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				MP 16						Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11							41.2
									Mustersan					41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7							47.8
									Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Riochican				Clarkforkian	56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Riochican				Tiffanian	56.2
									Itaboraian					56.9 *
									Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian												61.6
									Tiupampan					62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Tiupampan				Puercan	63.8
														66