PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Mammal Paleogene Zones		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian							Middle Pleistocene			0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
												Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene			0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
												Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian							MN 17			Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian							MN 17			Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean			MN 16	Late Pliocene		Mangapanian	2.58
									MN 16			Waipipian	3
									MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene			3.6
												Opoitian	3.7
									MN 14				4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						MN 14				4.7
						Baodean			MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian							MN 12				7.246
									MN 11				7.75
									MN 10				8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						MN 10				9.4
									MN 9				9.7
									MN 9		Southland	Waiauan	11.04
						Tunggurian			MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
									MN 6				12.8 *
									MN 6			Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian				Shanwangian			MN 5			Lillburnian	13.82
												Clifdenian	15.1
											Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian							MN 4	Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						MN 4				16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan			MN 3				16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
												Otaian	18.7
									MN 2				20
		Aquitanian											20.44
											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
									MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		Late Oligocene			23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
												Duntroonian	25.2
												Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian					MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian					MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Late Eocene			33.9
											Arnold	Runangan	34.6
												Kaiatan	36.7
													37
		Bartonian					MP 16			Middle Eocene			37.71
												Bortonian	39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian					MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11						41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
												Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian					MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			Early Eocene			47.8
					Mangaorapan							48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Mangaorapan							50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Waipawan							52
					Waipawan							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			MP 6		MP 1 - 5	Late Paleocene		Teurian		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian			MP 6			Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian										Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
												Mangaotanean	90.5
												Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan	93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
												Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan	100.5
												Urutawan	103.3
											Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian										Korangan	113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
													145