PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Nihewanian				Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian							Ionian	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
								Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian									0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
								Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan	MN 17		1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian	MN 17		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean		Mangapanian	MN 16		2.58
								Waipipian	MN 16		3
									MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean									3.6
								Opoitian			3.7
									MN 14		4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						MN 14		4.7
						Baodean			MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian							MN 12		7.246
									MN 11		7.75
									MN 10		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						MN 10		9.4
									MN 9		9.7
							Southland	Waiauan	MN 9		11.04
						Tunggurian			MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian									11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
									MN 6		12.8 *
								Lillburnian	MN 6		13.05
		Langhian				Shanwangian		Lillburnian	MN 5		13.82
								Clifdenian			15.1
							Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian							MN 4		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						MN 4		16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan			MN 3		16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
								Otaian			18.7
									MN 2		20
		Aquitanian									20.44
							Landon	Waitakian			21.7
									MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
								Duntroonian			25.2
								Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
		Rupelian									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
							Arnold	Runangan			34.6
								Kaiatan			36.7
											37
		Bartonian									37.71
								Bortonian			39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
								Heretaungan			45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian									47.8
					Mangaorapan			48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Mangaorapan			50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Waipawan			52
					Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian						Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
								Mangaotanean		90.5
								Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan		93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
								Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan		100.5
								Urutawan		103.3
							Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian						Korangan		113
		Aptian								117.5
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
											145