PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Nihewanian	Tarantian	Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian					Ionian					0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
									Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian		MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean		Vorohuean		MN 16	Villanyian	2.58
									Chapadmalalan			Villanyian	2.9 *
												Ruscinian	3.1 *
											MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean											3.6
									Montehermosan				3.7 *
											MN 14		4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								MN 14		4.7
							Baodean		Huayquerian		MN 13		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									MN 13	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian					MN 12		7.246
											MN 11		7.75
									Chasicoan		MN 11		7.9 *
											MN 10	Vallesian	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								MN 10		9.4
											MN 9		9.7
									Mayoan				9.9 *
									Laventan				10.9 *
							Tunggurian				MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian				Sarmatian						Astaracian	11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian							12.5
						Badenian					MN 6		12.8 *
						Badenian			Colloncuran		MN 6		13.7 *
		Langhian					Shanwangian		Colloncuran		MN 5		13.82
		Langhian							Friasian		MN 5		15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian		MN 4	Orleanian	15.98
									Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
							Xiejiaan				MN 3		16.9
									Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
											MN 2	Agenian	20
		Aquitanian											20.44
									Deseadan				20.9 *
											MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian											27.82
									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Divisaderan				35.9 *
													37
		Bartonian											37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
									Mustersan				41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
									Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Riochican				56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Riochican				56.2
									Itaboraian				56.9 *
									Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1								60.9
		Danian											61.6
								Tiupampan	62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Tiupampan	63.8
													66