PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Tarantian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Tarantian	Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian				Ionian	Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Ionian	Irvingtonian			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian			Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian				Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Hemphillian			Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian				16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian				Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
							Whitneyan				29.5
							Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian		Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian				50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Puercan			Early Paleocene	63.8
											66