PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Tarantian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Tarantian						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Ionian						Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
										Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
										Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian	Villanyian		2.58
										Waipipian	Villanyian		3
											Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
										Opoitian			3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Opoitian		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian		5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
											Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
									Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian									Astaracian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
										Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian			13.82
										Clifdenian			15.1
									Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian									Orleanian		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
										Otaian			18.7
											Agenian		20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
										Duntroonian			25.2
										Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan						27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Chadronian	33.9
									Arnold	Runangan			34.6
										Kaiatan			36.7
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
										Bortonian			39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
										Heretaungan			45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian					47.8
										Mangaorapan			48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Gashatan			Teurian		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Gashatan					Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian								Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
						Mangaotanean				90.5
						Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan				93.9
						Clarence			Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan	100.5
									Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai			Korangan	108.4
		Aptian							Korangan	113
		Aptian								117.5
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
													145