PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Zones	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Tarantian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Tarantian							Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Ionian							Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										Irvingtonian	0.21
									Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										Blancan	1.4
									Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan			MN 17		1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian			MN 17		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian		Mangapanian			MN 16		2.58
							Villanyian		Waipipian					3
							Ruscinian							3.1 *
												MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean												3.6
									Opoitian					3.7
												MN 14		4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									MN 14	Hemphillian	4.7
												MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian										MN 12		7.246
												MN 11		7.75
							Vallesian					MN 10		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									MN 10	Clarendonian	9.4
												MN 9		9.7
								Southland	Waiauan			MN 9		11.04
												MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian					Astaracian							11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										Barstovian	12.5
												MN 6		12.8 *
									Lillburnian			MN 6		13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian			MN 5		13.82
									Clifdenian					15.1
								Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian					Orleanian					MN 4		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									MN 4	Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									MN 3	Hemingfordian	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									Arikareean	18.5
									Otaian					18.7
							Agenian					MN 2		20
		Aquitanian												20.44
								Landon	Waitakian					21.7
												MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
									Duntroonian					25.2
									Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian								Kekeamuan				27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan					34.6
									Kaiatan					36.7
													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
									Bortonian					39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
					Dannevirke			Porangan	42.6
								Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian									Bumbanian		47.8
								Mangaorapan					48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Mangaorapan	Wasatchian				50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Waipawan	Wasatchian				52
								Waipawan	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian	Gashatan			56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata		Haumurian					66
		Campanian						Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara		Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
								Mangaotanean					90.5
								Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan					93.9
						Clarence		Ngaterian					95.2
								Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan					100.5
								Urutawan					103.3
						Taitai		Korangan					108.4
		Aptian						Korangan					113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
														145