PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Nihewanian	Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian						Ionian					0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
												Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
												Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan	MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian	MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean		Villanyian		Mangapanian	MN 16	2.58
										Villanyian		Waipipian		3
										Ruscinian				3.1 *
													MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean												3.6
												Opoitian		3.7
													MN 14	4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										MN 14	4.7
								Baodean					MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian											MN 12	7.246
													MN 11	7.75
										Vallesian			MN 10	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										MN 10	9.4
													MN 9	9.7
											Southland	Waiauan	MN 9	11.04
								Tunggurian					MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian								Astaracian				11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
													MN 6	12.8 *
												Lillburnian	MN 6	13.05
		Langhian						Shanwangian				Lillburnian	MN 5	13.82
												Clifdenian		15.1
											Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian								Orleanian			MN 4	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										MN 4	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Xiejiaan					MN 3	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
												Otaian		18.7
										Agenian			MN 2	20
		Aquitanian												20.44
											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
													MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25							23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
												Duntroonian		25.2
												Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21								27.82
		Rupelian				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A								33.9
											Arnold	Runangan		34.6
												Kaiatan		36.7
														37
		Bartonian				MP 16								37.71
												Bortonian		39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11								41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
												Heretaungan		45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7	47.8
						Mangaorapan						48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Mangaorapan						50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Waipawan						52
						Waipawan						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Teurian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian			MP 6							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian							59.2			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata		Haumurian	66
		Campanian									Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara		Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
											Mangaotanean	90.5
											Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan	93.9
									Clarence		Ngaterian	95.2
											Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan	100.5
											Urutawan	103.3
									Taitai		Korangan	108.4
		Aptian									Korangan	113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
														145