PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Tarantian	Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian					Ionian					0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
									Ensenadan				0.3 *
												Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
												Nukumaruan	1.63
									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian											1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean				2.58
									Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
												Waipipian	3
		Zanclean										Waipipian	3.6
									Montehermosan			Opoitian	3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Montehermosan				4.7
									Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
									Chasicoan				7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Chasicoan				9.4
									Mayoan				9.9 *
									Laventan				10.9 *
											Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian											11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
												Lillburnian	13.05
									Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian											13.82
												Clifdenian	15.1
									Friasian			Clifdenian	15.4 *
											Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
									Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Santacrucian				16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
												Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											20.44
									Deseadan				20.9 *
											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25						23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
												Duntroonian	25.2
												Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21							27.82
									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A							33.9
											Arnold	Runangan	34.6
									Divisaderan			Runangan	35.9 *
												Kaiatan	36.7
													37
		Bartonian				MP 16							37.71
												Bortonian	39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11							41.2
									Mustersan				41.9 *
					Dannevirke						Porangan	42.6
											Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7						47.8
									Casamayoran			47.9 *
											Mangaorapan	48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Mangaorapan	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Waipawan	52
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican		Teurian	56
								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican			56.2
									Itaboraian			56.9 *
									Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian								61.6
									Tiupampan	62.4 *
								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian								Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
										Mangaotanean	90.5
										Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian								Arowhanan	93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
										Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Motuan	100.5
										Urutawan	103.3
									Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian								Korangan	113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
													145