PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			European Faunal Zones	South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Lujanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan							Irvingtonian		0.21
							Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian							Blancan		1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian				MN 17	Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				MN 16	Vorohuean				Late Pliocene	2.58
						MN 16	Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
						MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
							Montehermosan					3.7 *
						MN 14						4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			MN 14				Hemphillian		4.7
						MN 13	Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				MN 13					Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian				MN 12			Pannonian			7.246
						MN 11						7.75
						MN 11	Chasicoan					7.9 *
						MN 10						8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			MN 10				Clarendonian		9.4
						MN 9						9.7
							Mayoan					9.9 *
							Laventan					10.9 *
						MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian							Sarmatian		Middle Miocene	11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Sarmatian	Barstovian		12.5
						MN 6			Badenian			12.8 *
						MN 6	Colloncuran		Badenian			13.7 *
		Langhian				MN 5	Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian				MN 5	Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian				MN 4	Friasian				Early Miocene	15.98
							Santacrucian					16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Hemingfordian		16.3
						MN 3						16.9
							Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						Arikareean		18.5
						MN 2						20
		Aquitanian										20.44
							Deseadan					20.9 *
						MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene	27.82
							Tinguirirican					28.9 *
										Whitneyan		29.5
										Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Chadronian	Late Eocene	33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Divisaderan			Chadronian		35.9 *
										Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean	Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
							Mustersan					41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene	47.8
							Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Wasatchian					50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Riochican			Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Riochican			Tiffanian		56.2
							Itaboraian					56.9 *
							Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1					Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
							Tiupampan					62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Tiupampan			Puercan		63.8
												66