PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Tarantian		Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Tarantian		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Ionian		Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Ionian		Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian							Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian				MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				MN 16			Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian				MN 15			Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean				MN 15			Early Pliocene		3.6
						MN 14					4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			MN 14				Hemphillian	4.7
						MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				MN 13			Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian				MN 12					7.246
						MN 11					7.75
						MN 10					8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			MN 10				Clarendonian	9.4
						MN 9					9.7
						MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							Barstovian	12.5
						MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian				MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian				MN 4			Early Miocene		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			MN 4				Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			MN 3				Hemingfordian	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		MN 3				Arikareean	18.5
						MN 2					20
		Aquitanian				MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian				MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene		23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian					Early Oligocene		27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Cenozoic 2		Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8			66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7			72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6			83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4			100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3			113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6			145
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5			149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian					Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian					Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian					Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian					Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian					Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian					Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian					Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
											538.8