PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

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Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			European Faunal Zones	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										Irvingtonian	0.21
											Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene					0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										Blancan	1.4
											Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian				MN 17					Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian				MN 17					Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				MN 16			Late Pliocene		Mangapanian	Villanyian		2.58
											Waipipian	Villanyian		3
												Ruscinian		3.1 *
						MN 15								3.2
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene					3.6
											Opoitian			3.7
						MN 14								4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			MN 14							Hemphillian	4.7
						MN 13								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian		5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian				MN 12								7.246
						MN 11								7.75
						MN 10						Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			MN 10							Clarendonian	9.4
						MN 9								9.7
						MN 9				Southland	Waiauan			11.04
						MN 7 + 8								11.1
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene			Astaracian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										Barstovian	12.5
						MN 6								12.8 *
						MN 6					Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian				MN 5					Lillburnian			13.82
											Clifdenian			15.1
										Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian				MN 4			Early Miocene			Orleanian		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			MN 4							Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			MN 3							Hemingfordian	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									Arikareean	18.5
											Otaian			18.7
						MN 2						Agenian		20
		Aquitanian												20.44
										Landon	Waitakian			21.7
						MN 1								22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	Late Oligocene					23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
											Duntroonian			25.2
											Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian					MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		Early Oligocene					27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Late Eocene				Chadronian	33.9
										Arnold	Runangan			34.6
											Kaiatan			36.7
													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					MP 16		Middle Eocene					37.71
											Bortonian			39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11							41.2
					Dannevirke					Porangan	42.6
										Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian					MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		Early Eocene				47.8
										Mangaorapan			48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Mangaorapan	Wasatchian		50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Waipawan	Wasatchian		52
										Waipawan	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Late Paleocene	Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					MP 6		Late Paleocene		Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene		To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Early Paleocene		Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian									Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
											Mangaotanean			90.5
											Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan			93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
											Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan			100.5
											Urutawan			103.3
										Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian									Korangan			113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
														145