PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mammal Paleogene Zones		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Nihewanian						0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian												0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
								Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
								Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian				MN 17		Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian				MN 17		Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				MN 16		Mangapanian	Yushean					Villanyian	2.58
								Waipipian						Villanyian	3
														Ruscinian	3.1 *
						MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean													3.6
								Opoitian							3.7
						MN 14									4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			MN 14									4.7
						MN 13			Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean						Turolian	5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian				MN 12									7.246
						MN 11									7.75
						MN 10								Vallesian	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			MN 10									9.4
						MN 9									9.7
						MN 9	Southland	Waiauan							11.04
						MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian												Astaracian	11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
						MN 6									12.8 *
						MN 6		Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian				MN 5		Lillburnian	Shanwangian						13.82
								Clifdenian							15.1
							Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian				MN 4								Orleanian	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			MN 4									16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			MN 3			Xiejiaan						16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
								Otaian							18.7
						MN 2								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian													20.44
							Landon	Waitakian							21.7
						MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
								Duntroonian							25.2
								Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian								Kekeamuan		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			27.82
		Rupelian								Kekeamuan		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
							Arnold	Runangan							34.6
								Kaiatan							36.7
															37
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		MP 16			37.71
								Bortonian							39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian										MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
								Heretaungan							45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian						MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7	47.8
								Mangaorapan				48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Mangaorapan				50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Waipawan				52
								Waipawan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian			Gashatan			MP 6	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	MP 1 - 5		56
		Thanetian						Gashatan			MP 6	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian										To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian										To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata					Haumurian			66
		Campanian										Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara					Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
												Mangaotanean			90.5
												Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan			93.9
							Clarence					Ngaterian			95.2
												Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan			100.5
												Urutawan			103.3
							Taitai					Korangan			108.4
		Aptian										Korangan			113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
															145