PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			European Faunal Units	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							Tarantian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Tarantian			Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Ionian			Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan							Ionian			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan										Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian					Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian				Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Turolian								5.333
		Tortonian				Turolian			Pannonian					7.246
						Vallesian								8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Vallesian							Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Astaracian			Sarmatian				Clarendonian	11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Sarmatian				Barstovian	12.5
									Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian				Orleanian								15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									Arikareean	18.5
						Agenian								20
		Aquitanian				Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian			Kekeamuan							27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bumbanian					Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Gashatan						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Gashatan						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
														509