PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Zones	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
								Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
								Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan			MN 17		1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian			MN 17		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian		Mangapanian			MN 16		2.58
						Villanyian		Waipipian					3
						Ruscinian							3.1 *
											MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean											3.6
								Opoitian					3.7
											MN 14		4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								MN 14	Hemphillian	4.7
											MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian									MN 12		7.246
											MN 11		7.75
						Vallesian					MN 10		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								MN 10	Clarendonian	9.4
											MN 9		9.7
							Southland	Waiauan			MN 9		11.04
											MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian				Astaracian							11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
											MN 6		12.8 *
								Lillburnian			MN 6		13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian			MN 5		13.82
								Clifdenian					15.1
							Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian				Orleanian					MN 4		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								MN 4	Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								MN 3	Hemingfordian	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
								Otaian					18.7
						Agenian					MN 2		20
		Aquitanian											20.44
							Landon	Waitakian					21.7
											MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
								Duntroonian					25.2
								Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan				27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian	33.9
							Arnold	Runangan					34.6
								Kaiatan					36.7
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
								Bortonian					39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
					Dannevirke		Porangan	42.6
							Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian		47.8
							Mangaorapan					48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Mangaorapan	Wasatchian				50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Waipawan	Wasatchian				52
							Waipawan	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian						Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
								Mangaotanean					90.5
								Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan					93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
								Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan					100.5
								Urutawan					103.3
							Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian						Korangan					113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
													145