PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran	Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene				0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene				0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan					Irvingtonian					0.21
							Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene				0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian					Blancan					1.4
							Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian		Late Pliocene	Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian		Late Pliocene				3
		Zanclean					Waipipian		Early Pliocene				3.6
							Opoitian						3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Opoitian	Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean		Late Miocene				5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian					9.4
						Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene				11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					Barstovian					12.5
							Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian						13.82
							Clifdenian						15.1
						Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene				15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Hemingfordian					16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				Arikareean					18.5
							Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene				23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
							Duntroonian						25.2
							Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene				27.82
								Whitneyan					29.5
								Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Chadronian	Late Eocene				33.9
						Arnold	Runangan						34.6
							Kaiatan						36.7
								Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene				37.71
							Bortonian						39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
							Heretaungan						45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene				47.8
							Mangaorapan						48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Mangaorapan	Wasatchian					50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Waipawan	Wasatchian					52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Waipawan	Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Teurian	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene				56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian	Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian	Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Puercan	Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian					Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
							Mangaotanean				90.5
							Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan				93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
							Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan				100.5
							Urutawan				103.3
						Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian					Korangan				113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
													509