PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Mammal Paleogene Zones		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan								Irvingtonian	0.21
							Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian								Blancan	1.4
							Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian			Villanyian		2.58
							Waipipian			Villanyian		3
										Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean										3.6
							Opoitian					3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Opoitian				Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean			Turolian		5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
										Vallesian		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Clarendonian	9.4
						Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian								Astaracian		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Barstovian	12.5
							Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian					13.82
							Clifdenian					15.1
						Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian								Orleanian		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							Arikareean	18.5
							Otaian					18.7
										Agenian		20
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
							Duntroonian					25.2
							Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian						MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Chadronian	33.9
						Arnold	Runangan					34.6
							Kaiatan					36.7
											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						MP 16				37.71
							Bortonian					39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
							Heretaungan					45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
							Mangaorapan					48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Mangaorapan				Wasatchian	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Waipawan				Wasatchian	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Waipawan				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Teurian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			MP 6			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian					Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
							Mangaotanean					90.5
							Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan					93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
							Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan					100.5
							Urutawan					103.3
						Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian					Korangan					113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
												145