PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene						Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene						Ionian		0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene						Ionian		0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
		Gelasian											MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Tertiary †						MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene							MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							MN 15	3.6
													MN 14	4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										MN 14	4.7
													MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene							MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian											MN 12	7.246
													MN 11	7.75
													MN 10	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										MN 10	9.4
													MN 9	9.7
													MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene								11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
													MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian											MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene							MN 4	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										MN 4	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										MN 3	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									MN 3	18.5
													MN 2	20
		Aquitanian											MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian											MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan				27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene					Bumbanian			47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene				Gashatan				56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene				Gashatan				56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene								60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene								61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
														509