PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene				Tarantian	Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene				Ionian			0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene				Ionian			0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Tertiary †				Yushean	Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene						Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							3.6
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										4.7
											Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene						Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian										Turolian	7.246
												Vallesian	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
											Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene						Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian									Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene						Orleanian	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Xiejiaan		16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
												Agenian	20
		Aquitanian										Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene							23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene							27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene							29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene							33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene							37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene							37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene							47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene							56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene							56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene							60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene							61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
													509