PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	European Faunal Units	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian				Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian					Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian				Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene		Yushean	Villanyian				2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene			Ruscinian				3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							3.6
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Hemphillian						4.7
								Baodean					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene			Turolian				5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian				7.246
									Vallesian				8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian						9.4
								Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene			Astaracian				11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian						Shanwangian					13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene			Orleanian				15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian						16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan					16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			Arikareean						18.5
									Agenian				20
		Aquitanian							Agenian				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			27.82
							Whitneyan						29.5
							Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene	Chadronian			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene	Duchesnean			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene	Duchesnean			MP 16			37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan			MP 16			39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene	Bridgerian			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian						50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian			MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene	Tiffanian			MP 6			56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene	Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene	Puercan						63.8
													66